diff --git a/.changeset/poor-clouds-ring.md b/.changeset/poor-clouds-ring.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..62ba3928a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.changeset/poor-clouds-ring.md
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+'@backstage/plugin-catalog-backend': patch
+---
+
+Fixed a bug where entities provided without a location key would always replace existing entities, rather than updating them.
diff --git a/plugins/catalog-backend/src/database/DefaultProcessingDatabase.ts b/plugins/catalog-backend/src/database/DefaultProcessingDatabase.ts
index f6fc7fa5fa..3dc5325178 100644
--- a/plugins/catalog-backend/src/database/DefaultProcessingDatabase.ts
+++ b/plugins/catalog-backend/src/database/DefaultProcessingDatabase.ts
@@ -784,7 +784,10 @@ export class DefaultProcessingDatabase implements ProcessingDatabase {
       if (!oldRef) {
         // Add any entity that does not exist in the database
         toAdd.push(upsertItem);
-      } else if (oldRef.locationKey !== item.deferred.locationKey) {
+      } else if (
+        (oldRef?.locationKey ?? undefined) !==
+        (item.deferred.locationKey ?? undefined)
+      ) {
         // Remove and then re-add any entity that exists, but with a different location key
         toRemove.push(item.ref);
         toAdd.push(upsertItem);
diff --git a/plugins/catalog-backend/src/integration.test.ts b/plugins/catalog-backend/src/integration.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..67b63428db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/plugins/catalog-backend/src/integration.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,543 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2022 The Backstage Authors
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+import { Knex } from 'knex';
+import { Logger } from 'winston';
+import { ConfigReader } from '@backstage/config';
+import { JsonObject } from '@backstage/types';
+import { CatalogProcessingEngine, EntityProvider } from './index';
+import { DatabaseManager, getVoidLogger } from '@backstage/backend-common';
+import { PermissionEvaluator } from '@backstage/plugin-permission-common';
+import {
+  Entity,
+  EntityPolicies,
+  stringifyEntityRef,
+} from '@backstage/catalog-model';
+import { defaultEntityDataParser } from './modules/util/parse';
+import { DefaultCatalogProcessingOrchestrator } from './processing/DefaultCatalogProcessingOrchestrator';
+import { applyDatabaseMigrations } from './database/migrations';
+import { DefaultProcessingDatabase } from './database/DefaultProcessingDatabase';
+import { ScmIntegrations } from '@backstage/integration';
+import { DefaultCatalogRulesEnforcer } from './ingestion/CatalogRules';
+import { Stitcher } from './stitching/Stitcher';
+import { DefaultEntitiesCatalog } from './service/DefaultEntitiesCatalog';
+import { DefaultCatalogProcessingEngine } from './processing/DefaultCatalogProcessingEngine';
+import { createHash } from 'crypto';
+import { DefaultRefreshService } from './service/DefaultRefreshService';
+import { connectEntityProviders } from './processing/connectEntityProviders';
+import { EntitiesCatalog } from './catalog/types';
+import { RefreshOptions, RefreshService } from './service/types';
+import {
+  CatalogProcessorEmit,
+  EntityProviderConnection,
+  LocationSpec,
+  processingResult,
+} from '@backstage/plugin-catalog-node';
+import { RefreshStateItem } from './database/types';
+
+const voidLogger = getVoidLogger();
+
+class TestProvider implements EntityProvider {
+  #connection?: EntityProviderConnection;
+
+  getProviderName(): string {
+    return 'test';
+  }
+
+  async connect(connection: EntityProviderConnection): Promise<void> {
+    this.#connection = connection;
+  }
+
+  getConnection() {
+    if (!this.#connection) {
+      throw new Error('Provider is not connected yet');
+    }
+    return this.#connection;
+  }
+}
+
+type ProgressTracker = NonNullable<
+  ConstructorParameters<typeof DefaultCatalogProcessingEngine>[7]
+>;
+
+class ProxyProgressTracker implements ProgressTracker {
+  #inner: ProgressTracker;
+
+  constructor(inner: ProgressTracker) {
+    this.#inner = inner;
+  }
+
+  processStart(item: RefreshStateItem) {
+    return this.#inner.processStart(item, voidLogger);
+  }
+
+  setTracker(tracker: ProgressTracker) {
+    this.#inner = tracker;
+  }
+}
+
+class NoopProgressTracker implements ProgressTracker {
+  static emptyTracking = {
+    markFailed() {},
+    markProcessorsCompleted() {},
+    markSuccessfulWithChanges() {},
+    markSuccessfulWithErrors() {},
+    markSuccessfulWithNoChanges() {},
+  };
+
+  processStart() {
+    return NoopProgressTracker.emptyTracking;
+  }
+}
+
+class WaitingProgressTracker implements ProgressTracker {
+  #resolve: (errors: Record<string, Error>) => void;
+  #promise: Promise<Record<string, Error>>;
+  #counts = new Map<string, number>();
+  #errors = new Map<string, Error>();
+  #inFlight = new Array<Promise<void>>();
+
+  constructor(private readonly entityRefs?: Set<string>) {
+    let resolve: (errors: Record<string, Error>) => void;
+    this.#promise = new Promise<Record<string, Error>>(_resolve => {
+      resolve = _resolve;
+    });
+    this.#resolve = resolve!;
+  }
+
+  processStart(item: RefreshStateItem) {
+    if (this.entityRefs && !this.entityRefs.has(item.entityRef)) {
+      return NoopProgressTracker.emptyTracking;
+    }
+
+    let resolve: () => void;
+    this.#inFlight.push(
+      new Promise<void>(_resolve => {
+        resolve = _resolve;
+      }),
+    );
+
+    const currentCount = this.#counts.get(item.id) ?? 0;
+    this.#counts.set(item.id, currentCount);
+
+    const onDone = () => {
+      this.#counts.set(item.id, currentCount + 1);
+
+      if (Array.from(this.#counts.values()).every(c => c >= 2)) {
+        this.#resolve(Object.fromEntries(this.#errors));
+      }
+    };
+    return {
+      markFailed: (error: Error) => {
+        this.#errors.set(item.entityRef, error);
+        onDone();
+        resolve();
+      },
+      markProcessorsCompleted() {},
+      markSuccessfulWithChanges: () => {
+        this.#errors.delete(item.entityRef);
+        this.#counts.set(item.id, 0);
+        resolve();
+      },
+      markSuccessfulWithErrors: () => {
+        this.#errors.delete(item.entityRef);
+        onDone();
+        resolve();
+      },
+      markSuccessfulWithNoChanges: () => {
+        onDone();
+        resolve();
+      },
+    };
+  }
+
+  async wait(): Promise<Record<string, Error>> {
+    return this.#promise;
+  }
+
+  async waitForFinish(): Promise<void> {
+    await Promise.all(this.#inFlight.slice());
+  }
+}
+
+class TestHarness {
+  readonly #catalog: EntitiesCatalog;
+  readonly #engine: CatalogProcessingEngine;
+  readonly #refresh: RefreshService;
+  readonly #provider: TestProvider;
+  readonly #proxyProgressTracker: ProxyProgressTracker;
+
+  static async create(options?: {
+    config?: JsonObject;
+    logger?: Logger;
+    db?: Knex;
+    permissions?: PermissionEvaluator;
+    processEntity?(
+      entity: Entity,
+      location: LocationSpec,
+      emit: CatalogProcessorEmit,
+    ): Promise<Entity>;
+    onProcessingError?(event: {
+      unprocessedEntity: Entity;
+      errors: Error[];
+    }): void;
+  }) {
+    const config = new ConfigReader(
+      options?.config ?? {
+        backend: {
+          database: {
+            client: 'better-sqlite3',
+            connection: ':memory:',
+          },
+        },
+      },
+    );
+    const logger = options?.logger ?? getVoidLogger();
+    const db =
+      options?.db ??
+      (await DatabaseManager.fromConfig(config, { logger })
+        .forPlugin('catalog')
+        .getClient());
+
+    await applyDatabaseMigrations(db);
+
+    const processingDatabase = new DefaultProcessingDatabase({
+      database: db,
+      logger,
+      refreshInterval: () => 0.05,
+    });
+
+    const integrations = ScmIntegrations.fromConfig(config);
+    const rulesEnforcer = DefaultCatalogRulesEnforcer.fromConfig(config);
+    const orchestrator = new DefaultCatalogProcessingOrchestrator({
+      processors: [
+        {
+          getProcessorName: () => 'test',
+          async validateEntityKind() {
+            return true;
+          },
+          async preProcessEntity(
+            entity: Entity,
+            location: LocationSpec,
+            emit: CatalogProcessorEmit,
+          ) {
+            if (options?.processEntity) {
+              return options?.processEntity(entity, location, emit);
+            }
+            return entity;
+          },
+        },
+      ],
+      integrations,
+      rulesEnforcer,
+      logger,
+      parser: defaultEntityDataParser,
+      policy: EntityPolicies.allOf([]),
+    });
+    const stitcher = new Stitcher(db, logger);
+    const catalog = new DefaultEntitiesCatalog(db, stitcher);
+    const proxyProgressTracker = new ProxyProgressTracker(
+      new NoopProgressTracker(),
+    );
+
+    const engine = new DefaultCatalogProcessingEngine(
+      logger,
+      processingDatabase,
+      orchestrator,
+      stitcher,
+      () => createHash('sha1'),
+      50,
+      event => {
+        if (options?.onProcessingError) {
+          options.onProcessingError(event);
+        } else {
+          throw new Error(
+            `Catalog processing error, ${event.errors.join(', ')}`,
+          );
+        }
+      },
+      proxyProgressTracker,
+    );
+
+    const refresh = new DefaultRefreshService({ database: processingDatabase });
+
+    const provider = new TestProvider();
+
+    await connectEntityProviders(processingDatabase, [provider]);
+
+    return new TestHarness(
+      catalog,
+      engine,
+      refresh,
+      provider,
+      proxyProgressTracker,
+    );
+  }
+
+  constructor(
+    catalog: EntitiesCatalog,
+    engine: CatalogProcessingEngine,
+    refresh: RefreshService,
+    provider: TestProvider,
+    proxyProgressTracker: ProxyProgressTracker,
+  ) {
+    this.#catalog = catalog;
+    this.#engine = engine;
+    this.#refresh = refresh;
+    this.#provider = provider;
+    this.#proxyProgressTracker = proxyProgressTracker;
+  }
+
+  async process(entityRefs?: Set<string>) {
+    const tracker = new WaitingProgressTracker(entityRefs);
+    this.#proxyProgressTracker.setTracker(tracker);
+
+    this.#engine.start();
+
+    const errors = await tracker.wait();
+
+    this.#engine.stop();
+    await tracker.waitForFinish();
+
+    this.#proxyProgressTracker.setTracker(new NoopProgressTracker());
+
+    return errors;
+  }
+
+  async setInputEntities(entities: (Entity & { locationKey?: string })[]) {
+    return this.#provider.getConnection().applyMutation({
+      type: 'full',
+      entities: entities.map(({ locationKey, ...entity }) => ({
+        entity,
+        locationKey,
+      })),
+    });
+  }
+
+  async getOutputEntities(): Promise<Record<string, Entity>> {
+    const { entities } = await this.#catalog.entities();
+    return Object.fromEntries(entities.map(e => [stringifyEntityRef(e), e]));
+  }
+
+  async refresh(options: RefreshOptions) {
+    return this.#refresh.refresh(options);
+  }
+}
+
+describe('Catalog Backend Integration', () => {
+  it('should add entities and update errors', async () => {
+    let triggerError = false;
+
+    const harness = await TestHarness.create({
+      async processEntity(entity: Entity) {
+        if (triggerError) {
+          throw new Error('NOPE');
+        }
+        return entity;
+      },
+    });
+
+    await harness.setInputEntities([
+      {
+        apiVersion: 'backstage.io/v1alpha1',
+        kind: 'Component',
+        metadata: {
+          name: 'test',
+          annotations: {
+            'backstage.io/managed-by-location': 'url:.',
+            'backstage.io/managed-by-origin-location': 'url:.',
+          },
+        },
+      },
+    ]);
+
+    await expect(harness.getOutputEntities()).resolves.toEqual({});
+    await expect(harness.process()).resolves.toEqual({});
+
+    await expect(harness.getOutputEntities()).resolves.toEqual({
+      'component:default/test': {
+        apiVersion: 'backstage.io/v1alpha1',
+        kind: 'Component',
+        metadata: expect.objectContaining({ name: 'test' }),
+        relations: [],
+      },
+    });
+
+    triggerError = true;
+
+    await expect(harness.process()).resolves.toEqual({});
+
+    await expect(harness.getOutputEntities()).resolves.toEqual({
+      'component:default/test': {
+        apiVersion: 'backstage.io/v1alpha1',
+        kind: 'Component',
+        metadata: expect.objectContaining({ name: 'test' }),
+        relations: [],
+        status: {
+          items: [
+            {
+              level: 'error',
+              type: 'backstage.io/catalog-processing',
+              message:
+                'InputError: Processor Object threw an error while preprocessing; caused by Error: NOPE',
+              error: {
+                name: 'InputError',
+                message:
+                  'Processor Object threw an error while preprocessing; caused by Error: NOPE',
+                cause: {
+                  name: 'Error',
+                  message: 'NOPE',
+                  stack: expect.stringMatching(/^Error: NOPE/),
+                },
+              },
+            },
+          ],
+        },
+      },
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should orphan entities', async () => {
+    const generatedApis = ['api-1', 'api-2'];
+
+    const harness = await TestHarness.create({
+      async processEntity(
+        entity: Entity,
+        location: LocationSpec,
+        emit: CatalogProcessorEmit,
+      ) {
+        if (entity.metadata.name === 'test') {
+          for (const api of generatedApis) {
+            emit(
+              processingResult.entity(location, {
+                apiVersion: 'backstage.io/v1alpha1',
+                kind: 'API',
+                metadata: {
+                  name: api,
+                  annotations: {
+                    'backstage.io/managed-by-location': 'url:.',
+                    'backstage.io/managed-by-origin-location': 'url:.',
+                  },
+                },
+              }),
+            );
+          }
+        }
+        return entity;
+      },
+    });
+
+    await harness.setInputEntities([
+      {
+        apiVersion: 'backstage.io/v1alpha1',
+        kind: 'Component',
+        metadata: {
+          name: 'test',
+          annotations: {
+            'backstage.io/managed-by-location': 'url:.',
+            'backstage.io/managed-by-origin-location': 'url:.',
+          },
+        },
+      },
+    ]);
+
+    await expect(harness.getOutputEntities()).resolves.toEqual({});
+    await expect(harness.process()).resolves.toEqual({});
+
+    await expect(harness.getOutputEntities()).resolves.toEqual({
+      'component:default/test': {
+        apiVersion: 'backstage.io/v1alpha1',
+        kind: 'Component',
+        metadata: expect.objectContaining({ name: 'test' }),
+        relations: [],
+      },
+      'api:default/api-1': expect.objectContaining({
+        metadata: expect.objectContaining({ name: 'api-1' }),
+      }),
+      'api:default/api-2': expect.objectContaining({
+        metadata: expect.objectContaining({ name: 'api-2' }),
+      }),
+    });
+
+    generatedApis.pop();
+
+    await expect(harness.process()).resolves.toEqual({});
+
+    await expect(harness.getOutputEntities()).resolves.toEqual({
+      'component:default/test': {
+        apiVersion: 'backstage.io/v1alpha1',
+        kind: 'Component',
+        metadata: expect.objectContaining({ name: 'test' }),
+        relations: [],
+      },
+      'api:default/api-1': expect.objectContaining({
+        metadata: expect.objectContaining({ name: 'api-1' }),
+      }),
+      'api:default/api-2': expect.objectContaining({
+        metadata: expect.objectContaining({
+          name: 'api-2',
+          annotations: expect.objectContaining({
+            'backstage.io/orphan': 'true',
+          }),
+        }),
+      }),
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should not replace matching provided entities', async () => {
+    const harness = await TestHarness.create();
+
+    const entityA = {
+      apiVersion: 'backstage.io/v1alpha1',
+      kind: 'Component',
+      metadata: {
+        name: 'a',
+        annotations: {
+          'backstage.io/managed-by-location': 'url:.',
+          'backstage.io/managed-by-origin-location': 'url:.',
+        },
+      },
+    };
+    const entityB = {
+      apiVersion: 'backstage.io/v1alpha1',
+      kind: 'Component',
+      metadata: {
+        name: 'b',
+        annotations: {
+          'backstage.io/managed-by-location': 'url:.',
+          'backstage.io/managed-by-origin-location': 'url:.',
+        },
+      },
+    };
+
+    const entities = [entityA, { locationKey: 'loc', ...entityB }];
+
+    await harness.setInputEntities(entities);
+    await expect(harness.process()).resolves.toEqual({});
+
+    const outputEntities = await harness.getOutputEntities();
+
+    await expect(harness.getOutputEntities()).resolves.toEqual({
+      'component:default/a': expect.anything(),
+      'component:default/b': expect.anything(),
+    });
+
+    await harness.setInputEntities(entities);
+    await expect(harness.process()).resolves.toEqual({});
+
+    await expect(harness.getOutputEntities()).resolves.toEqual(outputEntities);
+  });
+});
diff --git a/plugins/catalog-backend/src/processing/DefaultCatalogProcessingEngine.ts b/plugins/catalog-backend/src/processing/DefaultCatalogProcessingEngine.ts
index fb9518c783..4693ffc559 100644
--- a/plugins/catalog-backend/src/processing/DefaultCatalogProcessingEngine.ts
+++ b/plugins/catalog-backend/src/processing/DefaultCatalogProcessingEngine.ts
@@ -32,7 +32,6 @@ import { startTaskPipeline } from './TaskPipeline';
 const CACHE_TTL = 5;
 
 export class DefaultCatalogProcessingEngine implements CatalogProcessingEngine {
-  private readonly tracker = progressTracker();
   private stopFunc?: () => void;
 
   constructor(
@@ -46,6 +45,7 @@ export class DefaultCatalogProcessingEngine implements CatalogProcessingEngine {
       unprocessedEntity: Entity;
       errors: Error[];
     }) => Promise<void> | void,
+    private readonly tracker = progressTracker(),
   ) {}
 
   async start() {